PART 1 / Beginner
Foundations: matter, mathematics & computation
How can charge, change, and uncertainty become a language for neurons?
Read this part →ONE BOOK / 25 CONNECTED PARTS
An illustrated journey through neuroscience, connectomics, spiking networks and embodied AI
Edition 0.2 · Evolving illustrated edition · Updated 2026-10-16
All 25 parts include an illustrated introductory lesson, a worked mathematical example and executable teaching code. The 102-chapter depth map is retained for expansion; it is not yet 102 fully developed chapters. Examples are synthetic unless explicitly stated otherwise. No new biological experiment, flight test or benchmark result is claimed.
The explanations, examples and schematic illustrations connect established ideas for learning. Original research remains credited to its authors in the reading sources. Work through the opening lessons before selecting a deeper chapter to expand.
THE CONTENTS
Every part opens with a lesson, an illustrated model, an equation, a worked example and a Python experiment. The chapter outlines map the depth still to come.
25 parts
PART 1 / Beginner
How can charge, change, and uncertainty become a language for neurons?
Read this part →PART 2 / Beginner
What does a neuron do, and what does a spike leave out?
Read this part →PART 3 / Intermediate
How do interacting cells produce reliable sensorimotor behavior?
Read this part →PART 4 / Intermediate
What can a wiring diagram tell us, and what information is missing?
Read this part →PART 5 / Intermediate
How do we locate a fly circuit without confusing anatomy, function, and simulation?
Read this part →PART 6 / Intermediate
Which details must a neuron model retain to answer a particular question?
Read this part →PART 7 / Advanced
When is time-dependent spiking computation useful compared with conventional networks?
Read this part →PART 8 / Advanced
How can local temporal signals support motion and looming computations?
Read this part →PART 9 / Advanced
What changes when a sensor reports brightness changes instead of frames?
Read this part →PART 10 / Advanced
Where does biological structure end and an engineered drone interface begin?
Read this part →PART 11 / Advanced
How does a versioned wiring dataset become a reproducible simulation?
Read this part →PART 12 / Advanced
Which workloads benefit from moving events instead of repeatedly moving dense tensors?
Read this part →PART 13 / Intermediate
How can uncertain sensing produce stable movement?
Read this part →PART 14 / Advanced
How does a neural perception layer interact with an existing flight controller?
Read this part →PART 15 / Advanced
How can fast reflexes and slower reasoning cooperate without conflicting commands?
Read this part →PART 16 / Advanced
Can biological structure be a useful inductive bias when behavior must be learned?
Read this part →PART 17 / Advanced
Which kind of memory does a task need, and what mechanism supplies it?
Read this part →PART 18 / Research
When does predicting the environment improve action selection?
Read this part →PART 19 / Research
Which local rules produce useful group behavior, and when does coordination break?
Read this part →PART 20 / Research
How can specialized components form an inspectable, adaptable system?
Read this part →PART 21 / Frontier
Which biological ideas yield testable research hypotheses about broader capabilities?
Read this part →PART 22 / Frontier
What observation would convince us that a biological prior actually helps?
Read this part →PART 23 / Research
Where might biological or spiking computation earn its engineering complexity?
Read this part →PART 24 / Intermediate
What should you build to demonstrate understanding at each stage?
Read this part →PART 25 / Research
How do you turn a reproducible result into a defensible scientific contribution?
Read this part →No matching parts. Try another topic.
STUDY COMPANION
Start with foundations. Read each part's prerequisites; the research and project parts can be companions throughout your study.
Parts I–II, with the first exercises from Part XXIV.
Evidence: Explain every unit in the RC equation and show that timestep refinement approaches the analytic solution.
Parts III–IV and VI; begin VII after the prerequisite checks.
Evidence: A reproducible simulator with reset/refractory tests, plots and a model-limitations note.
Parts V, VII–IX and XI; treat X as a source audit.
Evidence: A graph-to-model notebook and a negative-control experiment that the detector correctly rejects.
Parts XII–XVII; revisit Part I whenever mathematics becomes a gap.
Evidence: A multi-seed benchmark with bounded controls, failures, ablations and compute accounting.
Parts XVIII–XXV, returning to earlier implementation details.
Evidence: An independently rerunnable experiment and a defensible contribution; publication is not guaranteed.
Choose a specialization, maintain mathematical and experimental foundations.
Evidence: A coherent research program with external feedback; no promise about which technology will dominate.
Record separate evidence for theory, mathematics, implementation and paper reading. Reading a page is not proof of mastery. The worksheet begins unassessed; keep and update your own copy.
Download the 102-chapter worksheet (.csv)THE CONCEPT TOOLKIT
Check that both sides of an equation describe the same kind of quantity.
Relate an input to an output before introducing more complex models.
Describe an instantaneous rate of change, such as voltage change per second.
Accumulate a changing signal over time, such as current contributing charge.
Specify how a state evolves and which initial conditions it needs.
Describe relaxation and compare fast and slow processes.
Approximate continuous dynamics and test error as the timestep changes.
Represent multi-dimensional state and define distances with explicit meaning.
Describe connectivity and coordinate changes while tracking dimensions.
Identify modes of linear dynamics; interpret stability within model assumptions.
Represent variable outcomes rather than treating noise as an exception.
Update uncertainty when evidence is observed.
Summarize average behavior, spread and co-variation.
Distinguish a sample estimate from the population quantity of interest.
Assess evidence while reporting how large a measured difference is.
Adjust parameters according to a stated objective and constraints.
Represent interactions and avoid storing absent connections unnecessarily.
Reason about equilibria, trajectories, perturbations and feedback.
Understand what temporal measurements preserve and what they alias.
Quantify uncertainty and statistical dependence under a chosen probability model.
Dendrites, soma and axon organize communication; one scalar state is an abstraction.
Membranes separate ionic environments and support electrical gradients.
Electrical and concentration differences jointly influence ion movement.
Voltage is a difference across a membrane, measured relative to a reference.
Selective channels change which currents can flow and when.
A regenerative voltage event; its timing and context matter to interpretation.
Recent activity can limit or alter responsiveness to the next input.
Cells interact through chemical or electrical mechanisms.
Effects depend on receptor, reversal potential, current state and circuit context.
Signals can alter responsiveness and plasticity over different timescales.
Synaptic properties can change through activity and other mechanisms.
Families of activity-dependent learning ideas, not one universal learning law.
Regulatory processes can help keep neural activity within workable ranges.
Analyze information represented in spike counts over a defined window.
Analyze information across spike times and groups of cells.
Feedback connections allow history and state to shape future responses.
Physical signals become changes in cellular activity.
Actions change the sensory evidence available to the organism.
Wiring and annotations constrain hypotheses without specifying all function.
Recording correlations and perturbing a circuit answer different questions.
State the computational work and memory required as a problem grows.
Choose what information the system retains and what it discards.
Fit an input-output mapping using labeled examples and held-out evaluation.
Specify the learning objective and constraints rather than relying on a model name.
Compute and use parameter sensitivities while checking numerical behavior.
Use spatially shared operations for structured inputs such as images.
Carry information between time steps and reason about credit assignment.
Learn interactions among sequence elements with explicit context and compute costs.
Combine event outputs with evolving internal state and chosen neuron dynamics.
Define the interfaces between physical measurements, neural states and actions.
Train time-dependent models while recognizing approximations at discontinuities.
Exploit inactivity when indexing and communication overhead permit.
Learn sequential behavior under a specified state, action and reward model.
Separate action selection from prediction of future return.
Infer uncertain state and use feedback to regulate behavior.
Predict environment dynamics and test whether predictions support better decisions.
Manage stored information, provenance, updating and recall.
Organize tools, plans and feedback with explicit authority and failure handling.
Test behavior when inputs or environments differ from training.
Identify which component matters using controlled, repeatable comparisons.
PUT IDEAS TO WORK
Project briefs for your own experiments. Begin with synthetic data and simulation; these are not claims of completed research.
Implement the membrane update, threshold, reset and refractory interval.
Prerequisites: Foundations: matter, mathematics & computation; Computational neuroscience
Data: Constant-current synthetic input
Evidence and tests: Analytic subthreshold voltage and timestep-convergence tests.
Add recurrent sparse connections and inspect raster activity.
Prerequisites: Spiking neural networks
Data: Seeded synthetic spike trains
Evidence and tests: Reproducible spikes, delay tests and a dense reference implementation.
Distinguish leftward and rightward synthetic motion.
Prerequisites: Biological vision
Data: Moving bars with known speed
Evidence and tests: Reverse direction; sweep contrast and speed; compare a frame-difference baseline.
Separate expansion from translation and brightness changes.
Prerequisites: Biological vision
Data: Synthetic disks with controlled approach
Evidence and tests: Report true/false alarms across held-out motion regimes.
Encode a prerecorded frame sequence and decode a task signal.
Prerequisites: Spiking neural networks; Biological vision
Data: Consented or synthetic recorded frames
Evidence and tests: Compare end-to-end latency and accuracy with a simple non-spiking detector.
Process synthetic events first; evaluate real data only with known provenance.
Prerequisites: Event-based vision
Data: Synthetic event tuples, then a licensed event dataset
Evidence and tests: Timestamp ordering, polarity tests, event loss and frame-baseline comparison.
Couple a looming detector to a bounded controller in simulation.
Prerequisites: Biological vision; Robotics: estimation, planning & control
Data: Simulated approach scenarios
Evidence and tests: Measure collision rate, false braking and recovery over randomized scenes.
Query and visualize a versioned small subgraph.
Prerequisites: Connectome programming
Data: Approved public connectome subset
Evidence and tests: Check edge direction, ID mapping, counts and reconstruction provenance.
Assign explicit dynamics to a documented biological subgraph.
Prerequisites: Connectome programming; Drosophila: anatomy, circuits & datasets
Data: Versioned subset plus cited physiological assumptions
Evidence and tests: Sweep missing parameters; compare rewired controls; do not claim full biological fidelity.
Decode activity into bounded rover commands.
Prerequisites: Robotics: estimation, planning & control; Spiking neural networks
Data: Synthetic navigation environments
Evidence and tests: Compare PID/reactive baselines, delay tolerance and held-out layouts.
Keep flight stabilization in the autopilot and test high-level reflex commands.
Prerequisites: Drones: simulation before flight
Data: SITL scenarios with scripted disturbances
Evidence and tests: Test timeouts, command limits and fallback; no hardware-flight claim.
Combine a conventional detector with a separate fast reflex in simulation.
Prerequisites: Hybrid Physical AI
Data: Licensed/synthetic labeled scenes
Evidence and tests: Ablate each layer and compare benefit against integration cost.
Train a spiking policy on a bounded simulated task.
Prerequisites: Reinforcement learning + SNNs
Data: Versioned environment and independent evaluation seeds
Evidence and tests: Compare parameter-matched non-spiking policies and equal training budgets.
Map a validated small model to an accessible platform or its documented emulator.
Prerequisites: Neuromorphic computing
Data: Same input traces as the software baseline
Evidence and tests: Measure quantization drift and full-system cost; hardware results pending access.
Test whether a biological topology improves a clearly defined capability.
Prerequisites: Hybrid Physical AI; World models & prediction; Connectome programming
Data: Versioned connectivity and a bounded task suite
Evidence and tests: Use degree-matched rewiring, learned topology and equal-budget baselines.
Form a falsifiable question and produce a reproducible research submission.
Prerequisites: Research training & scientific practice; Frontier questions & experiment design
Data: Documented public or synthetic data with appropriate permissions
Evidence and tests: Predefine outcomes, report uncertainty and failures; publication remains an external decision.
READ, QUESTION, REPRODUCE
Start with a passive membrane model. List the units, assumptions and variables before reproducing one trace.
Explain what a conductance model adds beyond LIF. Identify which quantities came from measurement and which were fitted.
Draw the experimental question and contrast ON versus OFF motion responses. Do not infer a complete control circuit from tuning alone.
Sketch the stimulus controls. Explain why an expansion-selective response needs more than generic motion sensitivity.
Inspect reconstruction scope, proofreading and data availability. Write a list of information a connectome still lacks.
Choose one network statistic. Explain its null model and how filtering may change its interpretation.
Draw a boundary between measured connectivity, modeled dynamics and validated predictions. Propose a sensitivity analysis.
Write the forward spike function and the backward approximation separately. Identify a failure mode for gradient-based learning.
Use this survey as a map to primary experiments. Compare one event representation with a frame-based baseline.
Track tensor shapes through one attention operation. Explain why this alone does not supply an embodied agent.
Explain the objective, clipping and evaluation budget. Design a baseline that receives the same environment interactions.
Track observations, latent dynamics, imagined trajectories and action learning. Name a way model error could mislead planning.
Electrical quantities and experimentally supported cellular mechanisms within their stated scope.
Explicit sensor encoders, numerical simulators, bounded decoders and feedback controllers.
Methods for learning and scaling temporal spiking systems; results remain task- and setup-dependent.
A biological wiring prior might improve sample efficiency on a specified task. Test it against matched controls.
Combining multiple brain-inspired modules might contribute to broad future intelligence. This is not an established route to AGI.
Copying a connectome automatically creates intelligence or consciousness. A wiring diagram alone does not establish this.
SOURCE REGISTER
These sources support further study. The book's explanations and synthetic examples are original educational synthesis, not reproduced papers. Research findings belong to their cited authors.
Author-hosted textbook
Use for neuron-model prerequisites and notation; this site provides an original curriculum, not a reproduction of the textbook.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper
A mechanistic modeling milestone. Read after RC circuits and differential equations; distinguish squid-axon measurements from universal neuron parameters.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper
Experimental work on direction-selective T4/T5 populations and ON/OFF motion. Ask how tuning was measured and what the measurements do not establish.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper
A study of LPLC2 looming selectivity. Compare outward expansion with translation, contraction, and brightness controls.
Read the original source ↗Official dataset resource
An adult female fly brain resource. Record the exact release and annotation version; a brain dataset should not be described as a complete brain-and-body model.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper
Start with reconstruction, proofreading, scope, and data availability. Structural completeness does not supply every physiological parameter.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper
Study motif and network analysis with attention to filtering and null-model choices. Graph centrality is not automatically causal importance.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper
A connectome-based computational model of sensorimotor processing. Separate experimentally tested predictions from the model assumptions and untested behaviors.
Read the original source ↗Official dataset resource
The official download page exposes versioned data, including v1.0 resources. Keep specimen, release, filtering and annotation provenance with every derived graph.
Read the original source ↗Official dataset tool
Inspect dataset availability and access requirements before writing queries. Do not silently combine IDs from different datasets.
Read the original source ↗Research tutorial / author manuscript
Read after gradients, temporal state and LIF. Identify which derivative is replaced and why the resulting learning rule is an approximation.
Read the original source ↗Author manuscript / survey
A field map for sensing, representations and algorithms. Follow its cited primary experiments before asserting an application advantage.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper / author manuscript
Read after matrix multiplication and optimization. Reconstruct query-key-value shapes and distinguish sequence modeling from embodied control.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper / preprint
Read after policy gradients. Explain the clipped objective and assess results under matched environment and training budgets.
Read the original source ↗Primary research / versioned manuscript
Read after latent dynamics and actor-critic learning. Evaluate imagined rollouts, model errors, and the scope of reported task results.
Read the original source ↗Engineering repository; not independent validation
The README describes the browser MiniFly as synthetic and hand-wired. It identifies engineered sensory/readout mappings and says hardware adapters have not been flight-tested by its authors. No reproduction is claimed here.
Read the original source ↗Optional simulation tool
Evaluate equation-oriented modeling after a small independent simulator. Availability of documentation does not establish compatibility with this website environment.
Read the original source ↗Optional simulation tool
Evaluate for network simulation requirements. Pin the version and model semantics in a separate experiment environment.
Read the original source ↗Optional PyTorch-oriented tool
An option to examine for differentiable spiking models. Benchmark the required model and workload before selecting it.
Read the original source ↗Optional PyTorch-oriented tool
An option for spiking learning tutorials and experiments. Dependencies belong in an approved experiment environment, not the website runtime.
Read the original source ↗Official hardware research resource
Study event processing, memory and mapping constraints. Do not assume public hardware access or transfer platform-specific energy claims to a new task.
Read the original source ↗Official engineering documentation
Begin with simulation and versioned interfaces. Simulation success alone does not establish hardware flight readiness.
Read the original source ↗Author-hosted textbook
Reference for the passive-membrane approximation and integrate-and-fire conventions.
Read the original source ↗Primary paper
A source for attractor-network memory; the simplified pattern example here is original and does not reproduce its experiments.
Read the original source ↗Theory / review by its proponent
Read as a proposed theoretical framework, not a settled description of every brain computation.
Read the original source ↗Author-hosted engineering textbook
Reference for control concepts. Our scalar examples are teaching models, not robot-ready control implementations.
Read the original source ↗Primary engineering documentation
Describes the engineered processing pipeline; repository claims have not been independently reproduced here.
Read the original source ↗Primary engineering documentation
Consult alongside the biological papers; labels and interfaces in a model do not establish biological equivalence.
Read the original source ↗A BOOK THAT GROWS
EDITION 0.2 / 2026-10-16
Unified as one authored book. Added 25 illustrated part introductions, worked mathematical examples, executable Python, interactive explorations and an extensible book catalog.
EDITION 0.1 / 2026-10-16
Initial curriculum, prerequisite map, chapter outlines and reading register.
Use the edition and part title when citing this book. New material will retain the same book address.